<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

/*
 * This file is part of the TYPO3 CMS project.
 *
 * It is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
 * the terms of the GNU General Public License, either version 2
 * of the License, or any later version.
 *
 * For the full copyright and license information, please read the
 * LICENSE.txt file that was distributed with this source code.
 *
 * The TYPO3 project - inspiring people to share!
 */

namespace TYPO3\CMS\Core\Http;

use Psr\Http\Message\UriInterface;

/**
 * Represents a URI based on the PSR-7 Standard.
 *
 * Highly inspired by https://github.com/phly/http/
 *
 * @internal Note that this is not public API yet.
 */
class Uri implements UriInterface
{
    /**
     * Sub-delimiters used in query strings and fragments.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    public const SUBDELIMITER_CHARLIST = '!\$&\'\(\)\*\+,;=';

    /**
     * Unreserved characters used in paths, query strings, and fragments.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    public const UNRESERVED_CHARLIST = 'a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.~';

    /**
     * The default scheme for the URI
     */
    protected string $scheme = '';

    /**
     * @var int[] Associative array containing schemes and their default ports.
     */
    protected array $supportedSchemes = [
        'http'  => 80,
        'https' => 443,
        'ws' => 80,
        'wss' => 443,
    ];

    /**
     * The authority part of the URI
     */
    protected string $authority = '';

    /**
     * The userInfo part of the URI
     */
    protected string $userInfo = '';

    /**
     * The host part of the URI
     */
    protected string $host = '';

    /**
     * The port of the URI (empty if it is the standard port for the scheme)
     */
    protected ?int $port = null;

    /**
     * The path part of the URI (can be empty or /)
     */
    protected string $path = '';

    /**
     * The query part of the URI without the ?
     */
    protected string $query = '';

    /**
     * The fragment part of the URI without the # before
     */
    protected string $fragment = '';

    /**
     * Instructs the parser to skip the scheme validation.
     */
    protected bool $allowAnyScheme = false;

    /**
     * Instructs the parser to skip the validation for `$supportedSchemes`.
     * Use this factory method carefully in web contexts, since URIs
     * might contain PHP stream wrappers (`phar://`, `php://`), which
     * have a different meaning and are not considered as URI.
     *
     * @param string $uri The full URI including query string and fragment
     */
    public static function fromAnyScheme(string $uri = ''): self
    {
        $target = new self();
        $target->allowAnyScheme = true;
        if (!empty($uri)) {
            $target->parseUri($uri);
        }
        return $target;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $uri The full URI including query string and fragment
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException if the URI is malformed.
     */
    public function __construct(string $uri = '')
    {
        if (!empty($uri)) {
            $this->parseUri($uri);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper to parse the full URI string
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException if the URI is malformed.
     */
    protected function parseUri(string $uri): void
    {
        $uriParts = parse_url($uri);

        if ($uriParts === false) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('The parsedUri "' . $uri . '" appears to be malformed', 1436717322);
        }

        if (isset($uriParts['scheme'])) {
            $this->scheme = $this->sanitizeScheme($uriParts['scheme']);
        }
        if (isset($uriParts['user'])) {
            $this->userInfo = $uriParts['user'];
            if (isset($uriParts['pass'])) {
                $this->userInfo .= ':' . $uriParts['pass'];
            }
        }
        if (isset($uriParts['host'])) {
            $this->host = $uriParts['host'];
            if (filter_var($this->host, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6) !== false) {
                $this->host = '[' . $this->host . ']';
            }
        }
        if (isset($uriParts['port'])) {
            $port = (int)$uriParts['port'];
            if (!$this->validatePort($port)) {
                throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
                    'The URI "' . $uri . '" appears to be malformed, invalid port "' . $port . '" specified, must be a valid TCP/UDP port',
                    1728057215
                );
            }
            $this->port = $port;
        }
        if (isset($uriParts['path'])) {
            $this->path = $this->sanitizePath($uriParts['path']);
        }
        if (isset($uriParts['query'])) {
            $this->query = $this->sanitizeQuery($uriParts['query']);
        }
        if (isset($uriParts['fragment'])) {
            $this->fragment = $this->sanitizeFragment($uriParts['fragment']);
        }

        if (!$this->validate()) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('The URI "' . $uri . '" appears to be malformed', 1728057216);
        }
    }

    protected function validate(): bool
    {
        $url = clone $this;

        if ($url->scheme === '') {
            // filter_var will mark //example.com/ as invalid, let's pretend it's https in this case
            $url->scheme = 'https';
        }

        if ($url->host === '') {
            // filter_var will mark /mypath/ as invalid, let's pretend it's localhost in this case
            $url->host = 'localhost';
        } else {
            // filter_var can not validate UTF8 encoded hosts
            $host = idn_to_ascii($url->host);
            if ($host !== false) {
                $url->host = $host;
            }
        }

        return filter_var($url->__toString(), FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the scheme component of the URI.
     *
     * If no scheme is present, this method MUST return an empty string.
     *
     * The value returned MUST be normalized to lowercase, per RFC 3986
     * Section 3.1.
     *
     * The trailing ":" character is not part of the scheme and MUST NOT be
     * added.
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.1
     * @return string The URI scheme.
     */
    public function getScheme(): string
    {
        return $this->scheme;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the authority component of the URI.
     *
     * If no authority information is present, this method MUST return an empty
     * string.
     *
     * The authority syntax of the URI is:
     *
     * <pre>
     * [user-info@]host[:port]
     * </pre>
     *
     * If the port component is not set or is the standard port for the current
     * scheme, it SHOULD NOT be included.
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2
     * @return string The URI authority, in "[user-info@]host[:port]" format.
     */
    public function getAuthority(): string
    {
        if (empty($this->host)) {
            return '';
        }

        $authority = $this->host;
        if (!empty($this->userInfo)) {
            $authority = $this->userInfo . '@' . $authority;
        }

        if ($this->isNonStandardPort($this->scheme, $this->host, $this->port)) {
            $authority .= ':' . $this->port;
        }

        return $authority;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the user information component of the URI.
     *
     * If no user information is present, this method MUST return an empty
     * string.
     *
     * If a user is present in the URI, this will return that value;
     * additionally, if the password is also present, it will be appended to the
     * user value, with a colon (":") separating the values.
     *
     * The trailing "@" character is not part of the user information and MUST
     * NOT be added.
     *
     * @return string The URI user information, in "username[:password]" format.
     */
    public function getUserInfo(): string
    {
        return $this->userInfo;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the host component of the URI.
     *
     * If no host is present, this method MUST return an empty string.
     *
     * The value returned MUST be normalized to lowercase, per RFC 3986
     * Section 3.2.2.
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.2
     * @return string The URI host.
     */
    public function getHost(): string
    {
        return $this->host;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the port component of the URI.
     *
     * If a port is present, and it is non-standard for the current scheme,
     * this method MUST return it as an integer. If the port is the standard port
     * used with the current scheme, this method SHOULD return null.
     *
     * If no port is present, and no scheme is present, this method MUST return
     * a null value.
     *
     * If no port is present, but a scheme is present, this method MAY return
     * the standard port for that scheme, but SHOULD return null.
     *
     * @return int|null The URI port.
     */
    public function getPort(): ?int
    {
        return $this->isNonStandardPort($this->scheme, $this->host, $this->port) ? $this->port : null;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the path component of the URI.
     *
     * The path can either be empty or absolute (starting with a slash) or
     * rootless (not starting with a slash). Implementations MUST support all
     * three syntaxes.
     *
     * Normally, the empty path "" and absolute path "/" are considered equal as
     * defined in RFC 7230 Section 2.7.3. But this method MUST NOT automatically
     * do this normalization because in contexts with a trimmed base path, e.g.
     * the front controller, this difference becomes significant. It's the task
     * of the user to handle both "" and "/".
     *
     * The value returned MUST be percent-encoded, but MUST NOT double-encode
     * any characters. To determine what characters to encode, please refer to
     * RFC 3986, Sections 2 and 3.3.
     *
     * As an example, if the value should include a slash ("/") not intended as
     * delimiter between path segments, that value MUST be passed in encoded
     * form (e.g., "%2F") to the instance.
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.3
     * @return string The URI path.
     */
    public function getPath(): string
    {
        return $this->path;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the query string of the URI.
     *
     * If no query string is present, this method MUST return an empty string.
     *
     * The leading "?" character is not part of the query and MUST NOT be
     * added.
     *
     * The value returned MUST be percent-encoded, but MUST NOT double-encode
     * any characters. To determine what characters to encode, please refer to
     * RFC 3986, Sections 2 and 3.4.
     *
     * As an example, if a value in a key/value pair of the query string should
     * include an ampersand ("&") not intended as a delimiter between values,
     * that value MUST be passed in encoded form (e.g., "%26") to the instance.
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.4
     * @return string The URI query string.
     */
    public function getQuery(): string
    {
        return $this->query;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the fragment component of the URI.
     *
     * If no fragment is present, this method MUST return an empty string.
     *
     * The leading "#" character is not part of the fragment and MUST NOT be
     * added.
     *
     * The value returned MUST be percent-encoded, but MUST NOT double-encode
     * any characters. To determine what characters to encode, please refer to
     * RFC 3986, Sections 2 and 3.5.
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.5
     * @return string The URI fragment.
     */
    public function getFragment(): string
    {
        return $this->fragment;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified scheme.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified scheme.
     *
     * Implementations MUST support the schemes "http" and "https" case
     * insensitively, and MAY accommodate other schemes if required.
     *
     * An empty scheme is equivalent to removing the scheme.
     *
     * @param string $scheme The scheme to use with the new instance.
     * @return static A new instance with the specified scheme.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException for invalid or unsupported schemes.
     */
    public function withScheme(string $scheme): UriInterface
    {
        $scheme = $this->sanitizeScheme($scheme);
        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->scheme = $scheme;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified user information.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified user information.
     *
     * Password is optional, but the user information MUST include the
     * user; an empty string for the user is equivalent to removing user
     * information.
     *
     * @param string $user The username to use for authority.
     * @param string|null $password The password associated with $user.
     *
     * @return static A new instance with the specified user information.
     */
    public function withUserInfo(string $user, ?string $password = null): UriInterface
    {
        $userInfo = $user;
        if (!empty($password)) {
            $userInfo .= ':' . $password;
        }

        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->userInfo = $userInfo;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified host.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified host.
     *
     * An empty host value is equivalent to removing the host.
     *
     * @param string $host The hostname to use with the new instance.
     * @return static A new instance with the specified host.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException for invalid hostnames.
     */
    public function withHost(string $host): UriInterface
    {
        if (filter_var($host, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6) !== false) {
            $host = '[' . $host . ']';
        }
        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->host = $host;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified port.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified port.
     *
     * Implementations MUST raise an exception for ports outside the
     * established TCP and UDP port ranges.
     *
     * A null value provided for the port is equivalent to removing the port
     * information.
     *
     * @param int|null $port The port to use with the new instance; a null value
     *     removes the port information.
     * @return static A new instance with the specified port.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException for invalid ports.
     */
    public function withPort(?int $port): UriInterface
    {
        if ($port !== null && !$this->validatePort($port)) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Invalid port "' . $port . '" specified, must be a valid TCP/UDP port.', 1436717326);
        }

        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->port = $port;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    protected function validatePort(int $port): bool
    {
        if ($port < 1 || $port > 65535) {
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified path.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified path.
     *
     * The path can either be empty or absolute (starting with a slash) or
     * rootless (not starting with a slash). Implementations MUST support all
     * three syntaxes.
     *
     * If the path is intended to be domain-relative rather than path relative then
     * it must begin with a slash ("/"). Paths not starting with a slash ("/")
     * are assumed to be relative to some base path known to the application or
     * consumer.
     *
     * Users can provide both encoded and decoded path characters.
     * Implementations ensure the correct encoding as outlined in getPath().
     *
     * @param string $path The path to use with the new instance.
     * @return static A new instance with the specified path.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException for invalid paths.
     */
    public function withPath(string $path): UriInterface
    {
        if (str_contains($path, '?')) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Invalid path provided. Must not contain a query string.', 1436717330);
        }

        if (str_contains($path, '#')) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Invalid path provided; must not contain a URI fragment', 1436717332);
        }

        $path = $this->sanitizePath($path);
        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->path = $path;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified query string.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified query string.
     *
     * Users can provide both encoded and decoded query characters.
     * Implementations ensure the correct encoding as outlined in getQuery().
     *
     * An empty query string value is equivalent to removing the query string.
     *
     * @param string $query The query string to use with the new instance.
     * @return static A new instance with the specified query string.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException for invalid query strings.
     */
    public function withQuery(string $query): UriInterface
    {
        if (str_contains($query, '#')) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Query string must not include a URI fragment.', 1436717336);
        }

        $query = $this->sanitizeQuery($query);
        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->query = $query;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    /**
     * Return an instance with the specified URI fragment.
     *
     * This method MUST retain the state of the current instance, and return
     * an instance that contains the specified URI fragment.
     *
     * Users can provide both encoded and decoded fragment characters.
     * Implementations ensure the correct encoding as outlined in getFragment().
     *
     * An empty fragment value is equivalent to removing the fragment.
     *
     * @param string $fragment The fragment to use with the new instance.
     * @return static A new instance with the specified fragment.
     */
    public function withFragment(string $fragment): UriInterface
    {
        $fragment = $this->sanitizeFragment($fragment);
        $clonedObject = clone $this;
        $clonedObject->fragment = $fragment;
        return $clonedObject;
    }

    /**
     * Return the string representation as a URI reference.
     *
     * Depending on which components of the URI are present, the resulting
     * string is either a full URI or relative reference according to RFC 3986,
     * Section 4.1. The method concatenates the various components of the URI,
     * using the appropriate delimiters:
     *
     * - If a scheme is present, it MUST be suffixed by ":".
     * - If an authority is present, it MUST be prefixed by "//".
     * - The path can be concatenated without delimiters. But there are two
     *   cases where the path has to be adjusted to make the URI reference
     *   valid as PHP does not allow to throw an exception in __toString():
     *     - If the path is rootless and an authority is present, the path MUST
     *       be prefixed by "/".
     *     - If the path is starting with more than one "/" and no authority is
     *       present, the starting slashes MUST be reduced to one.
     * - If a query is present, it MUST be prefixed by "?".
     * - If a fragment is present, it MUST be prefixed by "#".
     *
     * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-4.1
     */
    public function __toString(): string
    {
        $uri = '';

        if (!empty($this->scheme)) {
            $uri .= $this->scheme . ':';
        }

        $authority = $this->getAuthority();
        if (!empty($authority)) {
            $uri .= '//' . $authority;
        }

        $uri .= $this->normalizePathForStringification($authority, $this->getPath());

        if ($this->query) {
            $uri .= '?' . $this->query;
        }
        if ($this->fragment) {
            $uri .= '#' . $this->fragment;
        }
        return $uri;
    }

    private function normalizePathForStringification(string $authority, string $path): string
    {
        $isRootless = $path !== '' && !str_starts_with($path, '/');
        if ($isRootless) {
            if ($authority === '') {
                // See: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#page-26:~:text=A%20path%20segment%20that%20contains%20a%20colon%20character%20(e.g.%2C%20%22this%3Athat%22)
                $pathParts = explode('/', $path, 2);
                if (str_contains($pathParts[0], ':')) {
                    $path = './' . $path;
                }
            } else {
                $path = '/' . $path;
            }
        }
        return $path;
    }

    /**
     * Is a given port non-standard for the current scheme?
     */
    protected function isNonStandardPort(string $scheme, string $host, ?int $port): bool
    {
        if (empty($scheme)) {
            return empty($host) || !empty($port);
        }
        if (empty($host) || empty($port)) {
            return false;
        }
        return !isset($this->supportedSchemes[$scheme]) || $port !== $this->supportedSchemes[$scheme];
    }

    /**
     * Filters the scheme to ensure it is a valid scheme.
     *
     * @param string $scheme Scheme name.
     * @return string Filtered scheme.
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException when a scheme is given which is not supported
     */
    protected function sanitizeScheme(string $scheme): string
    {
        $scheme = strtolower($scheme);
        $scheme = preg_replace('#:(//)?$#', '', $scheme);

        if (empty($scheme)) {
            return '';
        }

        if (!$this->allowAnyScheme && !array_key_exists($scheme, $this->supportedSchemes)) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported scheme "' . $scheme . '"; must be any empty string or in the set (' . implode(', ', array_keys($this->supportedSchemes)) . ')', 1436717338);
        }

        return $scheme;
    }

    /**
     * Filters the path of a URI to ensure it is properly encoded.
     */
    protected function sanitizePath(string $path): string
    {
        return preg_replace_callback(
            '/(?:[^' . self::UNRESERVED_CHARLIST . ':@&=\+\$,\/;%]+|%(?![A-Fa-f0-9]{2}))/',
            static function ($matches) {
                return rawurlencode($matches[0]);
            },
            $path
        );
    }

    /**
     * Filter a query string to ensure it is properly encoded.
     * Ensures that the values in the query string are properly urlencoded.
     */
    protected function sanitizeQuery(string $query): string
    {
        if (!empty($query) && str_starts_with($query, '?')) {
            $query = substr($query, 1);
        }

        $parts = explode('&', $query);
        foreach ($parts as $index => $part) {
            [$key, $value] = $this->splitQueryValue($part);
            if ($value === null) {
                $parts[$index] = $this->sanitizeQueryOrFragment($key);
                continue;
            }
            $parts[$index] = $this->sanitizeQueryOrFragment($key) . '=' . $this->sanitizeQueryOrFragment($value);
        }

        return implode('&', $parts);
    }

    /**
     * Split a query value into a key/value tuple.
     *
     * @return array A value with exactly two elements, key and value
     */
    protected function splitQueryValue(string $value): array
    {
        $data = explode('=', $value, 2);
        if (count($data) === 1) {
            $data[] = null;
        }
        return $data;
    }

    /**
     * Filter a fragment value to ensure it is properly encoded.
     */
    protected function sanitizeFragment(string $fragment): string
    {
        if (!empty($fragment) && str_starts_with($fragment, '#')) {
            $fragment = substr($fragment, 1);
        }
        return $this->sanitizeQueryOrFragment($fragment);
    }

    /**
     * Filter a query string key or value, or a fragment.
     */
    protected function sanitizeQueryOrFragment(string $value): string
    {
        return preg_replace_callback(
            '/(?:[^' . self::UNRESERVED_CHARLIST . self::SUBDELIMITER_CHARLIST . '%:@\/\?]+|%(?![A-Fa-f0-9]{2}))/',
            static function ($matches) {
                return rawurlencode($matches[0]);
            },
            $value
        );
    }
}